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The power supply can be any DC battery, power pack, voltage generator, or any device that provides electrical power. *Avoid using high voltages and currents as this can damage the components and be dangerous to work with.*
The DC motor can be any size or type of electrical motor that uses DC current.
Three or more wires are needed. Insulated wires work best as they prevent wires from crossing and the battery from short circuiting.
A breadboard, electrical tape or solder to make solid connections in the circuit. A tutorial for using breadboards can be found below.
The resistors can be any value but getting the exact speed needed from the motor requires testing with a certain range of resistors. The values of the resistors add up linearly so it is easy to calculate how to increase or decrease the motors speed by simply adding the values together. For example, two 1kΩ resistors wired together will act the same as a 2kΩ resistor.
Strip the ends of the insulated wires or wrap the middle of the bare wires with tape. About one inch of exposed wire on each end is needed to get a solid connection. Using wire strippers to cut the correct diameter of the wire is easiest, but using scissors or a knife also works. Do not cut off more than the plastic insulation so that the copper wire is exposed. Cutting more than the insulation will damage the wires ability to properly carry current and may prevent the circuit from working.
Prepare the power supply. If using a power pack, install the batteries so the + and – sides are facing the correct directions in the housing. If it can be done, keep the power supply off for now.
Connect one resistor to the power supply. One end of the wire must be connected to one end of the resistor. Using a middle-value resistor out of the set first will give you an idea of whether to increase or decrease the resistance depending on the speed of the motor. Using any method of connecting the wires, securely attach the resistor to the power supply using one wire, attached on both ends, or by connecting the components directly together. The amount of resistors here may vary depending on what speed the motor must run at.
Connect the resistor to one terminal of the DC motor. Attach the wire to the unconnected side of the resistor. This is best done using a wire instead of directly so that the resistor(s) are out of the way of the motor application.
Connect the other terminal of the DC motor to the unused terminal of the power supply. If the power supply is not off or has no switch, then the motor may begin spinning once it is connected to the power supply. If this causes many problems, a switch may be installed between these components to shut off the circuit when needed. Once both ends of the wire are connected, the circuit will be ready.
Test the circuit. The DC motor should now be spinning if all components are securely connected. The resistance provided by the resistor(s) determines the speed the motor will run. If the motor is not running, check all the connections to make sure the circuit is securely connected. If the motor still doesn’t run, check that the battery is not dead by connecting it directly to the motor and replace or recharge if dead. The direction of the motor’s spin can be changed by swapping the wires connected on either terminal of the DC motor. If the motor runs by itself and not when connected to the resistor, the value of the resistor is too high for the motor and a lower resistance is needed.
Fine tune the motors speed. Now that the motor runs, achieving the desired speed is a matter of adding or changing the resistors. To decrease the speed, detach one end of the connected resistor and connect another resistor to that end of the resistor and reattach the disconnected side to the unconnected end of the new resistor. The resistors should be connected in a straight line to get the proper motor speed. To increase the speed, remove all or one of the resistors and reconnect a lower resistance resistor in its place. Many varying resistance resistors can be stacked together to get the exact speed the motor should run at.
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